Diabetes

Mercury and Heavy Metal Toxicity

January 26th, 2012 No Comments

Mercury is a heavy metal that has had a collection of uses throughout history, evidence of its use being found in several aged civilisations. However, maybe the most controversial use is that in the dental amalgam. In the mid-nineteenth century, the mercury-silver-tin-copper-cadmium mix began to prove irresistible to dentists as a dental amalgam.

The reasons for this were simple; it was extremely easy to use, formed a strong heal and was cheap to obtain. There was only one question – the toxicity. This was known at the time and the American community of Dental Surgeons (Asds) declared the use of dental amalgam as ‘malpractise’ and promised expulsion from the society. As too many dentists chose to use the mercury formula, the Asds collapsed and, in the midst of farranging worry as to the consequences of using these fillings, the American Dental association sprung up to soothe communal fears concerning its use.

This has resulted in consistent and outright denials of any danger faced by the communal in relation to these amalgams. Throughout the last century, these denials have been consistently questioned and, in new years, even the Ama has admitted that mercury vapour is positively released by amalgams (although they still insist that the levels of this toxic vapour are not high adequate to cause harm).

This, like many other arguments relating to communal health, continues to be debated. The line taken by governmental institutions and chemical companies still fit the customary mould of reassuring the communal until exposure or leak of underground facts military a change of policy. The patterns can be seen in relation to aspartame, Dht, Pcbs, fluoridation. An example focusing more on mercury has been offered in the form of Gulf War Syndrome. This infamous syndrome first came to light after Uk and Us soldiers that served in the 1991 Persian Gulf War became ill following the conflict, and causes a wide range of ailments, together with immunological and neurological problems, as well as skin, digestive and respiratory problems.

The communal Governments continued to dispute the findings of assorted organisations, even though all the groups that were susceptible to the syndrome had all received the mercury-containing thimerosal preservative in vaccines. (Those that did not receive the vaccine, such as French soldiers, showed no susceptibility). This has been suggested by some as proof that Mercury is the cause of Gulf War Syndrome. It is the very likely candidate, although I think that this immunological disorder is quite probably what happens to susceptible soldiers who are subjected to 17 vaccines (eg. Assaults on their immune system) in the nearnessy of toxic Mercury-containing preservatives like thimerosal. The populations of soldiers where no Gws exists had a significantly lower vaccination count.

Mercury can cause serious problems in a collection of ways. The presume for this is the way that it enters the body and bonds with a collection of biological structures, and in doing so interrupting, slowing and inhibiting general function of the body. Studies show that mercury from amalgams is absorbed in vapour straight through the gums and in the lungs, and is deposited in the heart, brain, liver, kidneys and major endocrine glands.

There are a estimate of types of mercury to be aware of, the difference being in what the mercury is bonded to. These can be classified under two major types, one form being inorganic mercury, the other organic. Whilst inorganic (non-methylated) mercury is the general form of mercury found widely in the environment, in thermometers and the form absorbed into the body straight through the vapour released from amalgams, there is a lot more danger posed to the body by organic mercury. This is mercury in a salt form (eg mercuric chloride, mercuric iodide) or mercury that has been methylated in the intestines. This methylation occurs in unbalanced guts, where there is an excess of bad bacteria. This is where ill health can bring about added ill health; once in the body, this methyl mercury is much more able to move straight through cell membranes and bond to a estimate of tissues, slowing, inhibiting and interrupting vital functions. It is for this presume that organic mercury is determined a lot more toxic than inorganic mercury.

It is primarily the organic form of mercury that will bond with numerous forms of body tissue; the phospholipid layer of all cells, compromising the permeability of the cells and therefore their ability to divulge and answer to hormonal messages; hormones like insulin, meaning the beta cells in the pancreas must produce more to do the same job; haemoglobin, which can effect in the symptoms of anaemia; thyroxin, the hormone produced by the thyroid gland that is requisite for adequate metabolic rate; all neurotransmitters, hormones and enzymes are inherent pray to this bonding of the heavy metal. Because of the collection of ways in which mercury can create damaging symptoms and varying levels of sensitivity in distinct individuals, there is no set pattern to mercury toxicity.

One thing is beyond doubt – the effects of mercury in the body are both real and quantifiable. A 1984 study showed that nearnessy of amalgams reduced T-cell numbers by 55.3%, seriously compromising the immune system. This disruption of the natural level of T-cells has grave consequences as it disturbs the delicate balance of T and B cells (both types of lymphocyte, a class of white blood cell) which can have dire consequences.

For example, T4 cells – also called T-helper cells – mark out antigens, singling them out to recognize them to the B-cells, which make antibodies that neutralise them. If these are low, your immune ideas will not answer adequately to invasion from foreign microbes. However, if the action of the T4 cells is not opposed by that of the T8 cells (that calm the action of the B-cells), then the immune ideas can come to be over-active. This results in allergic reaction to dietary or environmental elements, or even in auto-immune reactions; this is where the immune ideas begins to attack its own cells (type I diabetes and rheumatoid arthritis are first-rate examples of auto-immune conditions). These auto-immune conditions are inherent because the antibodies have an in-built flexibility with regards to what they attack to allow them to deal effectively with viruses that are constantly modifying their form – unfortunately, when an imbalance occurs between the level of antibodies and the estimate of invading antigens (eg. The requirement), damaging reactions can occur.

Problems with mercury often seem to take some time to have an effect on an individual. This is explained by the composition of the metal and the way it interacts with the body. As mentioned above, there are two forms of mercury, the inorganic and the more dangerous organic form. An personel may not show sensitivity to the nearnessy of the inorganic form of mercury (the type that leaks from amalgams) but, when combined with Hydrogen Sulphide gas (H2S) in the intestines, it can be methylated by a specific enzyme, Thiolmethl Transferase (Tht). The leading issue to be aware of here is that H2S is only produced by bad bacteria or fungi in the gut, so a compromised digestive function can be a trigger of mercury toxicity. Ironically, the way that mercury compromises the immune ideas has been linked to a disruption in the general balance of intestinal flora. Probiotics (and prebiotics) are therefore an requisite supplemental step for anyone with a dental amalgam, as is any step that maintains good digestion (sufficient ability food, wholesome stress patterns).

Whilst we know that mercury is toxic and we know a estimate of ways in which it damages the body, the lack of governmental acceptance and the lack of pharmaceutical interest in this question means we are left with an incomplete model when attempting to assemble a time-line of mercury-related symptoms that an personel can expect to experience.

Certainly, what does not help in any attempts to settle the effects of heavy metal toxicity is the incessant need for the medical community to label dysfunction as a specific illness, and treat it as such. Although this model of categorizing patients into suitable boxes makes the task of prescribing drugs a less taxing process, it fails to recognise that disease is a complicated process which reflects the systematic conditions within the patient. Persisting fatigue conditions such as lupus erythematosus and fibromyalgia are perfect examples of this medical malady; this are determined acquired diseases in their own right and little, if any, consideration is given to the integrated involvement of the immune system, hormonal imbalance, adrenal dysfunction, liver and kidney overload, heavy metal toxicity in the individual. It is clear to me that there are so many manifestations of symptoms all lumped under the umbrella of lupus, and this label is quite restrictive as these sufferers have distinct problems (ie. distinct causes or, to be more exact, distinct composition of causes). Metal toxicity is clearly a factor in some cases, and not in others.

This uncertainty as to the level of the question seems destined to continue. The powers that operate the medical establishment (drug companies and industrial sponsors) have no interest in investigating this matter; it is plainly not in their interests – a healthier habitancy is one that requires less pharmaceutical products. With little resources, those that do have this interest in uncovering the facts will struggle to make inroads in obtaining facts on a bigger scale.

Although maybe not given the mainstream coverage it deserves, concern as to mercury’s negative effects in the body and the use of such a toxic metal in dental amalgams is nothing new. The first concerns were rationally voiced by the Asds in 1845, although one presume that we do not hear such a balanced turn over now is because the organisation set up to promote mercury, the Ada, have not only performed an perfect job in selling their side of the story but also enjoy reserve from high government. So, despite concern for the use of this substance first being registered more than 150 years ago, the majority of the facts concerning mercury remain in darkness.

Meanwhile, conditions linked with heavy metal toxicity include: Fatigue, Poor concentration, Hypoglycaemia, Migraines, Respiratory Disorders, Arthritis, Auto-immune conditions, Allergies, Depression. Naturally, these are more general disorders; mercury toxicity has also been linked with a long list of conditions from epilepsy to many sclerosis.

It is positively inherent that the whole habitancy are affected to some extent, especially those with dental amalgams. A singular dental amalgam can issue up to 15mcg of mercury per day, and eating mercury-tainted seafood can provide up to 2.3mcg, a level that many scientists believe to be extremely toxic. A vaccine that uses thimerosal as the preservative delivers an dose of 25mcg mercury (The Epa say that this is an acute toxic dose for any animal less than 500lbs). Overall, the evidence for mercury poisoning from fish is not especially strong when compared to that of amalgams and vaccines, so I would not encourage too much panic in regards to the consumption of fish unless the personel in demand appears to be especially sensitive to heavy metals. As with all foods, sensible option and an awareness of where the food was sourced from remain paramount.

Genetic sensitivity and under-nutrition is maybe the key as to whether or not mercury exposure will effect in symptoms of ill health. As with many issues, such as stress and bacterial/viral infections, some habitancy are heavily affected by exposure to a unavoidable element, whilst others display no ill effects. A strong immune system, adequately supported by adequate levels of anti-oxidants, zinc, iodine, vitamin D, etc, can deal with removing toxic compounds much great than a suppressed immune ideas and the susceptibility of the personel reflects this also. The effects of these genetic/nutritional factors were well demonstrated in Gulf War Syndrome.

Depending on the level and type of stress experienced by an personel at any given time, the workload of a specific gland will be vary greatly and this plays a big role in the response an personel is able to create to a challenge to his/her homeostasis. Clearly, very low-level sensitivity would positively fall below the radar, and positively most habitancy may struggle to distinguish the difference between tiredness caused by waking up 20 minutes too early and a very minor depletion in haemoglobin levels.

As I see in testing for allergies, an personel may have sensitivities to some elements but not to others, whilst his neighbour shows sensitivity to a totally distinct range of chemicals. With this in mind, I have no doubt as to the inherent reactions that some habitancy may touch when exposed to other heavy metals, such as aluminium, lead, and arsenic.

Aluminum has been shown to promote many diseases together with breast cancer and anaemia as well as being heavily involved and the onset of Alzheimer’s Disease and depletion of potassium levels in the body. All anti-perspirant deodorants and Teflon pans consist of aluminum, but it can also be found in kitchen foil, cheap table salt, antacid and painkilling concoctions – clearly we are more at risk of aluminum exposure that most metals. Significantly, aluminum has been shown to increase the damage reeked by mercury in the nervous system; however, the authorities do not consider this synergy is assessing safe exposure levels.

Arsenic can cause nausea and vomiting, a disruption in blood cell production, and a estimate of broad issues, from internal bleeding in the Gi tract to skin cancer. Arsenic exposure is not especially high in the Uk, although there are still numerous inherent angles for exposure; it is used to treat disease in chickens, in fireworks, in wood medicine agents, in photocopier drum coatings and in metal alloy, surrounded by other things.

Cadmium is an additional one toxic metal that we are not routinely exposed to. Cadmium damages Dna directly but can also cause other problems from liver, lung and kidney problems to neurological damage. Cadmium is used is battery manufacturing and in heavy manufactures such as mining and burning coal; it is also present in tobacco smoke.

So are we all affected to some extent by heavy metal toxicity? A more accepted demand may be whether there is anyone who is not affected by heavy metal toxicity. What is by all means; of course relevant is the health of the nation continues to decline, despite medical advances and an increase in funding for healthcare, and there will inevitably be a estimate of reasons for this irregularity. I see heavy metal toxicity as one of the many pieces of the puzzle.

Mercury, aluminium and other heavy metals do harm the body, and they are an issue to the habitancy at large. However, as highlighted at distinct points in this article, the pattern that heavy metal toxicity follows is one where symptoms present hand-in-hand with malfunction of assorted bodily systems (eg. Immune system, intestinal flora) and is a health question that, like so many others, is extremely complicated and personel in its symptoms. This, combined with the industry’s lack of willingness to witness the issue, ensures that it remains impossible to accurately presume the severity of heavy metal toxicity across the population. Meanwhile, the key to avoiding problems clearly lies in staying as wholesome as inherent and avoiding exposure wherever inherent and, if you feel that exposure may have occurred, taking action by supporting the liver and the immune ideas (eg. With an productive liver detox) in partnership with a suitably experienced practitioner.

Scuba

Fighting the Symptoms of Adrenal Fatigue

January 25th, 2012 No Comments

In this fast paced world we many times forget about our bodies and the effect that stress has on our human organisms.

It is a sad fact that in this and the old century the human body has come to be “maladapted” to its environment. Maladapted due to stress, poor capability of food, and poor environmental conditions. We have come to be so developed that we have lowered our capability of life with poor condition as we weighty ourselves on an endless search for happiness and bigger and better. Only to find the reality is filled with more and more anxiety.

The adrenal glands are small, about the size of a walnut. And unless they come to be the size of baseballs (who knows they may evolve to this some day) we are going to have to do something to change our lifestyles. If not, we are all in for a lot more suffering. Not only individually, but globally. We can no longer survive in this kind of world and contend a full and happy life.

When the adrenal glands start to malfunction they begin to create too much cortisol, sending our hormonal principles into “system” overload, causing many of the normal functions to “mal” function. This elevation of cortisol can cause increase anxiety and depression. ultimately the adrenal glands come to be very fatigued from making too much cortisol in an endeavor to compensate from the mind and bodies exposure to stress. At this point the fatigues adrenal glands will start to produce less and less cortisol. And this is when the real fun begins.

There is a unique relationship in the middle of the brain and our hormones. And when the hormones normal functionality is disrupted the brain does not work well. Leaving us in a fog or continually forgetful, not to mention the scores of habitancy in our community that are suffering from anxiety and depression.

This condition makes life even more stressful. At this point functioning and performing the daily duties needful to survive feels exhausting. This then becomes a vicious cycle, one that is becoming increasingly difficult to break.

The first step in breaking this cycle is to try and adjust your lifestyle, making it simpler and less complicated. Take time off or make sure that your time off is well “time off”. Meditation is an exquisite tool for combating stress and anxiety. Secondly come to be more knowledgeable about your body and get to know your adrenals! Herbal Supplements can play a large role in supporting your glandular system. Herbal “adaptogens” have been used for centuries to treat the effects of trauma. And in up-to-date years have steeped the interest of many explore scientists.

The Russians started to explore adaptogens over 50 years ago and Siberian Ginseng (ginseng in name only), which contains eleutherosides as its active agent, is widely used within their culture as a natural cure for stress. Also this Russian adaptogen, many other cultures use ginseng for similar purposes. One of the most supreme is Red Korean Ginseng. (termed Panax from the word Panacea because of its multiply medical properties) The best capability comes from the six year old root. Six years is the time frame needful for building up the highest level of “ginsenosides” or senosides for short. This is the active ingredient that aids the body as an adaptogen, and is hailed to hold the cure for many physical ailments.

So if you are suffering from continuing stress, it might be time to start learning about these adaptogens. But it is also leading to consider lifestyle changes that will make life less stressful, without these changes adaptogens are only helping you to “run a petite longer on empty”.

Time and explore will tell, but the data regarding continuing stress and adaptogens is needful and by all means; of course worth learning more about. You owe it to yourself to take better care of condition and your adrenal glands. You deserve to live life to its fullest!

Sinusitis

Diabetic Coma

January 25th, 2012 No Comments

What is a diabetic coma?

It is a healing crisis and an acute life-threatening event that occurs in citizen with Diabetes Mellitus.

What causes a diabetic coma to occur?

1) diabetes that is undiagnosed

2) failure to take insulin as prescribed

3) rehabilitation that is not adequate

4) infection

5) surgery

6) trauma

7) stress

What happens with a diabetic coma?

There is not sufficient insulin to metabolize glucose so fats are used for energy. When these fats are broken down it causes ketone waste to build up causing metabolic acidosis. The body attempts to react to counteract the state of acidosis. What happens is that the alkali preserve is depleted causing water, potassium and sodium chloride to be lost. The respiratory rate increases, in a process called kussmaul breathing, as the body attempts to blow off excess carbon dioxide that will finally cause hypoxia. Urinary urination is also increased prominent to dehydration.

What are the warning signs and symptoms of a diabetic coma?

1) headache that is dull

2) fatigue

3) thirst

4) nausea/vomiting

5) epigastric pain

6) facial flushing

7) lips are parched

eyes sunken

9) increased body temp to begin with then decreased

10) drop in systolic blood pressure

11) circulatory collapse

The rehabilitation for a diabetic coma includes the immediate management of short-acting insulin and replacing electrolytes and fluids to counteract the acidosis and dehydration.

There are five types of diabetic coma a man with diabetes must be aware of

1. Diabetic Ketoacidosis (Dka; Diabetic Coma)

Diabetic Ketoacidosis occurs when there is a severe growth in blood sugar connected with poorly controlled diabetes. As a ensue there is an growth in the metabolism of fat and protein for power sources. When fats are metabolized this results in the production of fatty acids that are converted into ketone bodies. An growth in the whole of circulating ketone bodies leads to acidosis. This occurs generally with type 1 diabetics. The onset can be rapid or over some days. This can be caused from stress, surgery, infection, or lack of insulin control.

With Dka (diabetic ketoacidosis) there is severe hyperglycemia 300 to 1500 mg/dl. Dka is often caused due to infection, emotional stress, fever, increased food intake, fertilization or inadequate insulin dose. Hyperkalemia (increased potassium), metabolic acidosis, weakness, thirst, urine ketones and sugar are increased, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, fruity breath, kussmaul respirations, abdominal pain, level of consciousness decreases, blurring expanding to coma, skin will be warm dry and flushed. Kussmaul respirations are very deep respirations that occur as the body attempts to blow off carbon dioxide.

Heart rate will be increased. Urine production is increased. Due to the dehydration there will be an increased body temp, polyuria, polydispia, weight loss, dry skin, sunken eyes. Large amounts of ketones will be in urine and serum Ph will be below 7.25 (acidotic). Hematocrit will be high due to dehydration. Bun and creatinine will be elevated due to dehydration. Dka occurs in all age groups with primarily type 1 diabetes but can occur with severe distress with type 2 diabetics. If left untreated Dka leads to coma and death.

2. Hhnc – Hyperosmolar Hyperglycemia Non Ketotic Coma

This is a condition where there is sufficient insulin produced to prevent the breakdown of fat but severe hyperglycemia occurs. Hhnc can be caused by infection, diarrhea, vomiting, failure to comply with dietary and medication regimen, stress, continued exposure to drugs that induce hyperglycemia such as steroids or poor fluid intake. In the absence of the acidotic state there is a severe dehydration and electrolyte imbalance. With Hhnc hyperglycemia ranges from 700 to 2000 mg/100dL. This is seen mostly with geriatric type 2 diabetics. Because the body is able to sound a very low level of insulin production this keeps the fat from being broken down resulting in ketone bodies and acidosis.

What does happen is osmotic diuresis because of the hyperglycemia causing the inpatient to come to be dehydrated quickly. Hhnc will gift with skin that is warm and flushed, lethargy, decreased Loc ( Level of Consciousness), weakness, thirst, increased body temp due dehydration, hematocrit will be high due to dehydration, increased heart rate, hypertension ( increased blood pressure), hyperglycemia, increased urine output, and glycosuria. Bun (Blood, Urea, Nitrogen) and creatinine levels will be increased. Hhnc occurs often in elderly citizen that are undiagnosed type 2 diabetics. Elderly are also at a greater risk for dehydration due to their altered thirst perception.

As the inpatient becomes acidotic potassium moves out of the cell leaving the cell depleted of potassium, serum potassium remains normal due to the immoderate excretion. With the hyperglycemia/hyperosmolar state osmotic diuresis is the ensue causing the serum potassium to be excreted. With dehydration the serum potassium becomes concentrated and does not show the loss of cellular potassium. When the acidosis and osmolarity are corrected and insulin is given the potassium will shift back into the cells causing hypokalemia (decreased potassium) to occur.

3. Exogenously induced hypoglycemia (insulin coma)

This occurs when the blood glucose level falls below 60 mg/dl. This can be a side ensue of insulin therapy or hypoglycemic medications taken by mouth. It can occur when a meal is skipped, diabetic inpatient takes too much insulin, vomits a meal, or is over exercising. The signs and symptoms that are seen are a ensue of the sympathetic nervous theory being stimulated or due to the reduced supply of glucose to the brain. What will be felt by the inpatient is muscle weakness, diplopia, feeling faint, tingling and dullness of the fingers lips and tongue. What will we be able to see? Diaphoresis, shaking, increased heat rate, and confusion. The inpatient should be given glucose orally if alert. Glucagon may be given intravenously to stimulate glycogenolysis. inpatient maybe given 50% dextrose via Iv if necessary.

4. Endogenously induced Hypoglycemia (Reactive Hypoglycemia)

Blood glucose falls below 60 mg/dl. This is caused by an overproduction of insulin or an insulin-like substance. This maybe caused by a tumor with the potential to furnish insulin, or an autoimmune disease. This can be brought on by the under production of glucose due the hormonal deficiency along with Acth, glucagon and catecholamine’s. This can be the ensue of liver disease or brought on by drugs such as alcohol, propranolol and salicylate’s.

Depending on the cause the inpatient may need surgical operation to take off the insulin producing tumor, diazoxide therapy to suppress insulin production or hormone change to accurate deficiencies. inpatient should terminate drugs that cause hypoglycemia. If inherent improvement of liver disease will also mitigate this condition. Patients should eat a low carbohydrate diet with high protein and avoid straightforward sugars and fasting.

5. Reactive (functional) Hypoglycemia

Reactive Hypoglycemia is due to rapid gastric emptying and often occurs after gastric surgery. This rapid gastric emptying stimulates the production of immoderate amounts of insulin resulting in a low blood sugar. The inpatient will feel anxious, irritable, weak, fatigued. You will be able to search for hypoglycemia, pallor, and diaphoresis. Rapidly absorbed sugars should be avoided. Frequent meals are helpful. Patients who sense reactive hypoglycemia should growth protein, complicated carbohydrates and fiber due to their potential to slow gastric emptying and slow glucose absorption.

A diabetic coma is a life threatening condition that needs to be dealt with quickly. Knowing the signs and symptoms is the first step to preventing this deadly occurrence.

Breast Cancer Thyroid

Yamaha Dtx Drums

January 25th, 2012 No Comments

With a prestige for bringing professional technology to the masses at a price that won’t break the bank, Yamaha has managed to uphold that prestige again with their newest additions to the Dtx ranges of electronic drum kits. Launched at MusikMesse in Frankfurt this year the Dtx500K, Dtx520K, Dtx540K, Dtx700K and Dtx750K span entry level and mid-level price points and all build on the technology and success of the Dtx900 series. With features such as revamped rack systems, new textured cellular silicone (Tcs) pads and training functions there is a kit to suit every percussionist from beginner to professional.

Starting with the 500 series, which are all centred round the updated Dtx500 module and all have over 400 voices, these are the most affordable of the range and yet, with possibilities for expansion are perhaps the most versatile. Suitable for beginners who can then opt for upgrades as they progress, they bring professional technology to entry-level musicians. The Dtx500K is grand by its contract and foldable rack system and traditional rubber surface for the snare and toms, whilst the Dtx520K and Dtx540K have a new rack form with four legs and Tcs pads on the snare (520K) and snare and toms (540K). Yamaha’s renowned training functions and custom tools ensure that musicians can enhance on their rhythm and technique.

The 700 series takes the drumming sense a step further with a more professional feel. Over 1200 voices and 64-note polyphony are features of both the Dtx700K and Dtx750K, and if that isn’t enough new sounds can be uploaded into the 64Mb Flash-Rom. Two Usb ports are handy for sampling or sequencing on stage or in the studio, whilst the real hi-hat controller and stand adds a quirky traditional twist to the set-up.

The Dtx700K will take the percussionist from bedroom drummer to professional with training functions to enhance timing, on-board custom songs which allow the drum parts to be muted for playing along and a recording function for analysing performance. It comes with a contract Rs500 rack. The Dtx750K is a true professional drum kit, combining all the features of the 700K with an extra cymbal and a sleek curved Rs700 rack. The Dtx-Pads used for snare and toms on both kits are Yamaha’s most industrialized pads yet with an unequalled sensitivity that enables the drummer to form an authentic drumming technique.

For percussionists starting out the 500 series will more than happily do the job, starting at the lower price point and contribution possibilities for progression to a professional standard. Professionals finding for something new to enhance their performance on stage and in the studio will be amply served by the 700 series, which offers the newest industrialized technology and redesigned rack for best playability. Take a look here to check out all the details on Yamaha’s Dtx drum kits and get into the rhythm with a drum kit to suit your needs.

Appendix Rhumatoid Virtigo

4G mobile Broadband – Lte Network Architecture and Protocol Stack

January 25th, 2012 No Comments

Abstrct

The goal of the Lte acceptable is to generate specifications for a new radio-access technology geared to higher data rates, low latency and greater spectral efficiency. The spectral efficiency target for the Lte ideas is three to four times higher than the current Hspa system. These aggressive spectral efficiency targets require using the technology envelope by employing industrialized air-interface techniques such as low-Papr orthogonal uplink multiple way based on Sc-Fdma(single-carrier frequency branch multiple access) Mimo multiple-input multiple-output multi-antenna technologies, inter-cell interference mitigation techniques, low latency channel buildings and single-frequency network (Sfn) broadcast. The researchers and engineers working on the acceptable come up with new innovative technology proposals and ideas for ideas execution improvement. Due to the extremely aggressive acceptable development schedule, these researchers and engineers are commonly unable to issue their proposals in conferences or journals, etc. In the standards development phase, the proposals go straight through wide scrutiny with multiple sources evaluating and simulating the proposed technologies from ideas execution improvement and implementation complexity perspectives. Therefore, only the highest-quality proposals and ideas ultimately make into the standard.

Keywords: Lte Architecture, Udp, Gdp, Mimo, Mime, Mcch, Mbms, Qos

1. Introducyion

The Lte network architecture is designed with the goal of supporting packet-switched traffic with seamless mobility, quality of aid (QoS) and minimal latency. A packet-switched coming allows for the supporting of all services along with voice straight through packet connections. The result in a extremely simplified flatter architecture with only two types of node namely evolved Node-B (eNb) and mobility administration entity/gateway (Mme/Gw). This is in discrepancy to many more network nodes in the current hierarchical network architecture of the 3G system. One major turn is that the radio network controller (Rnc) is eliminated from the data path and its functions are now incorporated in eNb. Some of the benefits of a particular node in the way network are reduced latency and the distribution of the Rnc processing load into multiple eNbs. The elimination of the Rnc in the way network was inherent partly because the Lte ideas does not retain macro-diversity or soft-handoff.

2. Lte Network Architecture

All the network interfaces are based on Ip protocols. The eNbs are interconnected by means of an X2 interface and to the Mme/Gw entity by means of an S1 interface as shown in Figure1. The S1 interface supports a many-to-many association between Mme/Gw and eNbs.

The functional split between eNb and Mme/Gw is shown in frame 2 Two logical gateway entities namely the serving gateway (S-Gw) and the packet data network gateway (P-Gw) is defined. The S-Gw acts as a local mobility anchor forwarding and receiving packets to and from the eNb serving the Ue. The P-Gw interfaces with external packet data networks (Pdns) such as the Internet and the Ims. The P-Gw also performs some Ip functions such as address allocation, course enforcement, packet filtering and routing.

The Mme is a signaling only entity and hence user Ip packets do not go straight through Mme. An advantage of a detach network entity for signaling is that the network capacity for signaling and traffic can grow independently. The main functions of Mme are idle-mode Ue reach quality along with the operate and execution of paging retransmission, tracking area list management, roaming, authentication, authorization, P-Gw/S-Gw selection, bearer administration along with dedicated bearer establishment, protection negotiations and Nas signaling, etc.

Evolved Node-B implements Node-B functions as well as protocols traditionally implemented in Rnc. The main functions of eNb are header compression, ciphering and dependable delivery of packets. On the operate side, eNb incorporates functions such as admission operate and radio reserved supply management. Some of the benefits of a particular node in the way network are reduced latency and the distribution of Rnc the network side are now fulfilled, in eNb.

Figure 1: Network Architecture

Figure 2: Functional split between eNb and Mme/Gw.

2.1 Protocol Stack And Conytol Plane

The user plane protocol stack is given in frame 3.We note that packet data convergence protocol (Pdcp) and radio link operate (Rlc) layers traditionally fulfilled, in Rnc on frame 4 shows the operate plane protocol stack.

Figure 3: User plane protocol.

Figure 4: operate plane protocol stack.

We note that Rrc functionality traditionally implemented in Rnc is now incorporated into eNb. The Rlc and Mac layers achieve the same functions as they do for the user plane. The functions performed by the Rrc consist of ideas data broadcast, paging, radio bearer control, Rrc association management, mobility functions and Ue estimation reporting and control. The non-access stratum (Nas) protocol fulfilled, in the Mme on the network side and at the Ue on the terminal side performs functions such as Eps (evolved packet system) bearer management, authentication and protection control, etc.

The S1 and X2 interface protocol stacks are shown in Figures 2.5 and 2.6 respectively.We note that similar protocols are used on these two interfaces. The S1 user plane interface (S1-U) is defined between the eNb and the S-Gw. The S1-U interface uses Gtp-U (Gprs tunneling protocol – user data tunneling) on Udp/Ip vehicle and provides non-guaranteed delivery of user plane Pdus between the eNb and the S-Gw. The Gtp-U is a relatively easy Ip based tunneling protocol that permits many tunnels between each set of end points. The S1 operate plane interface (S1-Mme) is defined as being between the eNb and the Mme. Similar to the user plane, the vehicle network layer is built on Ip vehicle and for the reliable

Figure 5: S1 interface user and operate planes.

Figure 6: X2 interface user and operate planes.

Transport of signaling messages Sctp (stream operate transmission protocol) is used on top of Ip The Sctp protocol operates analogously to Tcp ensuring reliable, in-sequence vehicle of messages with congestion control. The application layer signaling protocols are referred to as S1 application protocol (S1-Ap) and X2 application protocol (X2-Ap) for S1 and X2 interface operate planes respectively.

3. Qos And Bearer aid Architecture

Applications such as VoIp, web browsing, video telephony and video streaming have special QoS needs. Therefore, an foremost highlight of any all-packet network is the provision of a QoS mechanism to enable differentiation of packet flows based on QoS requirements. In Eps, QoS flows called Eps bearers are established between the Ue and the P-Gw as shown in frame 7. A radio bearer transports the packets of an Eps bearer between a Ue and an eNb. Each Ip flow (e.g. VoIp) is associated with a separate Eps bearer and the network can prioritize traffic accordingly.

Figure 7: Eps bearer aid architecture.

When receiving an Ip packet from the Internet, P-Gw performs packet classification based on determined predefined parameters and sends it an acceptable Eps bearer. Based on the Eps bearer, eNb maps packets to the acceptable radio QoS bearer. There is one-to-one mapping between an Eps bearer and a radio bearer.

4. Layer 2 Structure

The layer 2 of Lte consists of three sub layers namely medium way control, radio link operate (Rlc) and packet data convergence protocol (Pdcp). The aid way point (Sap) between the corporeal (Phy) layer and the Mac sub layer contribute the vehicle channels while the Sap between the Mac and Rlc sub layers contribute the logical channels. The Mac sub layer performs multiplexing of logical channels on to the vehicle channels.

The downlink and uplink layer 2 structures are given in Figures 8 and 9 respectively. The discrepancy between downlink and uplink structures is that in the downlink, the Mac sub layer also handles the priority among Ues in expanding to priority handling among the logical channels of a particular Ue. The other functions performed by the Mac sub layers in both downlink and uplink consist of mapping between the logical and the vehicle channels.

Multiplexing of Rlc packet data units (Pdu), padding, vehicle format selection and hybrid Arq (Harq).

The main services and functions of the Rlc sub layers consist of segmentation, Arq in-sequence delivery and double detection, etc. The in-sequence delivery of upper layer Pdus is not guaranteed at handover. The reliability of Rlc can be configured to either acknowledge mode (Am) or un-acknowledge mode (Um) transfers. The Um mode can be used for radio bearers that can tolerate some loss. In Am mode, Arq functionality of Rlc Retransmits vehicle blocks that fail saving by Harq. The saving at Harq may fail due to hybrid Arq Nack to Ack error or because the maximum whole of retransmission attempts is reached. In this case, the relevant transmitting Arq entities are notified and inherent retransmissions and re-segmentation can be initiated.

Figure 8: Downlink layer 2 structure.

Figure 9: Uplink layer 2 structure.

The Pdcp layer performs functions such as header compression and decompression, ciphering and in-sequence delivery and double detection at handover for Rlcam, etc. The header compression and decompression is performed using the robust header compression (Rohc) protocol. 5.1 Downlink logical, vehicle and corporeal channels

4.1 Downlink Logical, vehicle And corporeal Channels

The association between downlink logical, vehicle and corporeal channels is shown in frame 10. A logical channel is defined by the type of data it carriers. The logical channels are supplementary divided into operate channels and traffic channels. The operate channels carry control-plane information, while traffic channels carry user-plane information.

In the downlink, five operate channels and two traffic channels are defined. The downlink operate channel used for paging data change is referred to as the paging operate channel (Pcch). This channel is used when the network has no knowledge about the location cell of the Ue. The channel that carries ideas operate data is referred to as the broadcast operate channel (Bcch). Two channels namely the common operate channel (Ccch) and the dedicated operate channel (Dcch) can carry data between the network and the Ue. The Ccch is used for Ues that have no Rrc association while Dcch is used for Ues that have an Rrc connection. The operate channel used for the transmission of Mbms operate data is referred to as the multicast operate channel (Mcch). The Mcch is used by only those Ues receiving Mbms.

The two traffic channels in the downlink are the dedicated traffic channel (Dtch) and the multicast traffic channel (Mtch). A Dtch is a point-to-point channel dedicated to a particular Ue for the transmission of user information. An Mtch is a point-to-multipoint channel used for the transmission of user traffic to Ues receiving Mbms. The paging operate channel is mapped to a vehicle channel referred to as paging channel (Pch). The Pch supports discontinuous reception (Drx) to enable Ue power saving. A Drx cycle is indicated to the Ue by the network. The Bcch is mapped to either a vehicle channel referred to as a broadcast channel (Bch) or to the downlink shared channel (Dlsch).

Figure 10: Downlink logical, vehicle and corporeal channels mapping.

The Bch is characterized by a fixed pre-defined format as this is the first channel Ue receives after acquiring synchronization to the cell. The Mcch and Mtch are either mapped to a vehicle channel called a multicast channel (Mch) or to the downlink shared channel (Dl-Sch). The Mch supports Mbsfn combining of Mbms transmission from multiple cells. The other logical channels mapped to Dl-Sch consist of Ccch, Dcch and Dtch. The Dl-Sch is characterized by retain for adaptive modulation/coding, Harq, power control, semi-static/dynamic reserved supply allocation, Drx, Mbm Transmission and multi antenna technologies. All the four-downlink vehicle channels have the requirement to be broadcast in the whole coverage area of a cell.

The Bch is mapped to a corporeal channel referred to as corporeal broadcast channel (Pbch), which is transmitted over four sub frames with 40 ms timing interval. The 40 ms timing is detected blindly without requiring any explicit signaling. Also, each sub frame transmission of Bch is self-decodable and Ues with good channel conditions may not need to wait for reception of all the four sub frames for Pbch decoding. The Pch and Dl-Sch are mapped to a corporeal channel referred to as corporeal downlink shared channel (Pdsch). The multicast channel (Mch) is mapped to corporeal multicast channel (Pmch), which is the multi-cell Mbsfn transmission channel.

The three stand-alone corporeal operate channels are the corporeal operate format indicator channel (Pcfich), the corporeal downlink operate channel (Pdcch) and the corporeal hybrid Arq indicator channel (Phich). The Pcfich is transmitted every sub frame and carries data on the whole of Ofdm symbols used for Pdcch. The Pdcch is used to inform the Ues about the reserved supply budget of Pch and Dl-Sch as well as modulation, coding and hybrid Arq data associated to Dl-Sch. A maximum of three or four Ofdm symbols can be used for Pdcch. With dynamic indication of whole of Ofdm symbols used for Pdcch via Pcfich, the unused Ofdm symbols among the three or four Pdcch Ofdm symbols can be used for data transmission. The Phich is used to carry hybrid Arq Ack/Nack for uplink transmissions.

4.2 Uplink Logical, vehicle And corporeal Channels

The association between uplink logical, vehicle and corporeal channels is shown in frame 2.11. In the uplink two operate channels and a particular traffic channel is defined. As for the downlink, common operate channel (Ccch) and dedicated operate channel (Dcch) are used to carry data between the network and the Ue. The Ccch is used for Ues having no Rrc association while Dcch is used for Ues having an Rrc connection. Similar to downlink, dedicated traffic channel (Dtch) is a point-to-point channel dedicated to a particular Ue for transmission of user information. All the three uplink logical channels are mapped to a vehicle channel named uplink shared channel (Ul-Sch). The Ul-Sch supports adaptive modulation/coding, Harq, power operate and semi-static/dynamic reserved supply allocation.

Another vehicle channel defined for the uplink is referred to as the random way channel (Rach), which can be used for transmission of diminutive operate data from a Ue with possibility of collisions with transmissions from other Ues. The Rach is mapped to corporeal random way channel (Prach), which carries the random way preamble.

The Ul-Sch vehicle channel is mapped to corporeal uplink shared channel (Pusch). A stand-alone uplink corporeal channel referred to as corporeal uplink operate channel (Pucch) is used to carry downlink channel quality indication (Cqi) reports, scheduling ask (Sr) and hybrid Arq Ack/Nack for downlink transmissions.

5. Protocol States And States Transitions

In the Lte system, two radio reserved supply operate (Rrc) states namely Rrc Idle and Rrc associated states are defined as depicted in frame 2.12. A Ue moves from Rrc Idle state to Rrc associated state when an Rrc association is successfully established. A Ue can move back from Rrc associated to Rrc Idle state by releasing the Rrc connection. In the Rrc Idle state, Ue can receive broadcast/multicast data, monitors a paging channel to detect incoming calls, performs neighbor cell measurements and cell selection/reselection and acquires ideas information. Furthermore, in the Rrc Idle state, a Ue specific Drx (discontinuous reception) cycle may be configured by upper layers to enable Ue power savings. Also, mobility is controlled by the Ue in the Rrc Idle

State.

In the Rrc associated state, the change of uncast data to/from Ue, and the change of broadcast or multicast data to Ue can take place. At lower layers, the Ue may be configured with a Ue specific Drx/Dtx (discontinuous transmission). Furthermore, Ue monitors operate channels associated with the shared data channel to determine if data is scheduled for it, provides channel quality feedback information, performs neighbor cell measurements and estimation reporting and acquires ideas information. Unlike the Rrc Idle state, the mobility is controlled by the network in this state.

Figure 11 Uplink logical, vehicle and corporeal channels mapping.

Figure 12: Ue states and state transitions.

6. Seamless Mobility Support

An foremost highlight of a movable wireless ideas such as Lte is retain for seamless mobility over eNbs and over Mme/Gws. Fast and seamless handovers (Ho) is particularly foremost for delay-sensitive services such as VoIp. The handovers occur more oftentimes over eNbs than over core networks because the area covered by Mme/Gw serving a large whole of eNbs is commonly much larger than the area covered by a particular eNb. The

signaling on X2 interface between eNbs is used for handover preparation. The S-Gw acts as anchor for inter-eNb handovers.

In the Lte system, the network relies on the Ue to detect the neighboring cells for handovers and therefore no neighbor cell data is signaled from the network. For the quest and estimation of inter-frequency neighboring cells, only the carrier frequencies need to be indicated. An example of active handover in an Rrc associated state is shown in frame 13 where a Ue moves from the coverage area of the source eNb (eNb1) to the coverage area of the target eNb (eNb2). The handovers in the Rrc associated state are network controlled and assisted by the Ue. The Ue sends a radio estimation record to the source eNb1 indicating that the signal quality on eNb2 is great than the signal quality on eNb1. As establishment for handover, the source eNb1 sends the coupling data and the Ue context to the target eNb2 (Ho request) [6] on the X2 interface. The target eNb2 may achieve admission operate dependent on the received Eps bearer QoS information. The target eNb configures the required resources according to the received Eps bearer QoS data and reserves a C-Rnti (cell radio network temporary identifier) and optionally a Rach preamble.

Figure 13: Active handovers.

The C-Rnti provides a unique Ue identification at the cell level identifying the Rrc connection. When eNb2 signals to eNb1 that it is ready to achieve the handover via Ho response message, eNb1 commands the Ue (Ho command) to turn the radio bearer to eNb2. The Ue receives the Ho command with the requisite parameters (i.e. New C-Rnti, optionally dedicated Rach preamble, inherent expiry time of the dedicated Rach preamble, etc.) and is commanded by the source eNb to achieve the Ho. The Ue does not need to delay the handover execution for delivering the Harq/Arq responses to source eNb.

After receiving the Ho command, the Ue performs synchronization to the target eNb and accesses the target cell via the random way channel (Rach) following a contention-free course if a dedicated Rach preamble was allocated in the Ho command or following a contention-based course if no dedicated preamble was allocated. The network responds with uplink reserved supply budget and timing enlarge to be applied by the Ue. When the Ue has successfully accessed the target cell, the Ue sends the Ho confirm message (C-Rnti) along with an uplink buffer status record indicating that the handover course is completed for the Ue. After receiving the Ho confirm message, the target eNb sends a path switch message to the Mme to inform that the Ue has changed cell. The Mme sends a user plane update message to the S-Gw. The S-Gw switches the downlink data path to the target eNb and sends one or more “end marker” packets on the old path to the source eNb and then releases any user-plane/Tnl resources towards the source eNb. Then S-Gw sends a user plane update response message to the Mme. Then the Mme confirms the path switch message from the target eNb with the path switch response message. After the path switch response message is received from the Mme, the target eNb informs success of Ho to the source eNb by sending issue reserved supply message to the source eNb and triggers the issue of resources. On receiving the issue reserved supply message, the source eNb can issue radio and C-plane associated sources associated with the Ue context.

During handover establishment U-plane tunnels can be established between the source Enb and the target eNb. There is one tunnel established for uplink data forwarding and an additional one one for downlink data forwarding for each Eps bearer for which data forwarding is applied. During handover execution, user data can be forwarded from the source eNb to the target eNb. Forwarding of downlink user data from the source to the target eNb should take place in order as long as packets are received at the source eNb or the source eNb buffer is exhausted.

For mobility administration in the Rrc Idle state, idea of tracking area (Ta) is introduced. A tracking area commonly covers multiple eNbs as depicted in frame 2.14. The tracking area identity (Tai) data indicating which Ta an eNb belongs to is broadcast as part of ideas information. A Ue can detect turn of tracking area when it receives a separate Tai than in its current cell. The Ue updates the Mme with its new Ta data as it moves over Tas. When P-Gw receives data for a Ue, it buffers the packets and queries the Mme for the Ue’s location. Then the Mme will page the Ue in its most current Ta. A Ue can be registered in multiple Tas simultaneously. This enables power saving at the Ue under conditions of high mobility because it does not need to constantly update its location with the Mme. This highlight also minimizes load on Ta boundaries.

8. Multicast Broadcast ideas Architecture

In the Lte system, the Mbms either use a single-cell transmission or a multi-cell transmission. In single-cell transmission, Mbms is transmitted only in the coverage of a specific cell and therefore combining Mbms transmission from multiple cells is not supported. The single-cell Mbms transmission is performed on Dl-Sch and hence uses the same network architecture as the unicast traffic.

Figure 14: Tracking area update for Ue in Rrc Idle state.

The Mtch and Mcch are mapped on Dl-Sch for point-to-multipoint transmission and scheduling is done by the eNb. The Ues can be allocated dedicated uplink feedback channels selfsame to those used in unicast transmission, which enables Harq Ack/Nack and Cqi feedback. The Harq retransmissions are made using a group (service specific) Rnti (radio network temporary identifier) in a time frame that is co-ordinated with the former Mtch transmission. All Ues receiving Mbms are able to receive the retransmissions and merge with the former transmissions at the Harq level. The Ues that are allocated a dedicated uplink feedback channel are in Rrc associated state. In order to avoid unnecessary Mbms transmission on Mtch in a cell where there is no Mbms user, network can detect presence of users interested in the Mbms aid by polling or straight through Ue aid request.

The multi-cell transmission for the evolved multimedia broadcast multicast aid (Mbms) is realized by transmitting selfsame waveform at the same time from multiple cells. In this case, Mtch and Mcch are mapped on to Mch for point-to-multipoint transmission. This multi-cell transmission mode is referred to as multicast broadcast particular frequency network (eMbsfn) as described in information in chapter 17. An Mbsfn transmission from multiple cells within an Mbsfn area is seen as a particular transmission by the Ue. An Mbsfn area comprises a group of cells within an Mbsfn synchronization area of a network that are co-ordinate to achieve Mbsfn transmission. An Mbsfn synchronization area is defined as an area of the network in which all eNbs can be synchronized and achieve Mbsfn transmission. An Mbms aid area may consist of multiple Mbsfn areas. A cell within an Mbsfn synchronization area may form part of multiple Sfn areas each characterized by separate article and set of participating cells.

Figure 15. The eMbms aid area and Mbsfn areas.

An example of Mbms aid area consisting of two Mbsfn areas, area A and area B, is depicted in frame 2.15. The Mbsfna area consists of cells A1-A5, cell Ab1 and Ab2. The Mbsfn area consists of cells B1-B5, cell Ab1 and Ab2. The cells Ab1 and Ab2 are part of both Mbsfn area A and area B. The cell B5 is part of area B but does not conduce to Mbsfn transmission. Such a cell is referred to as Mbsfn area reserved cell. The Mbsfn area reserved cell may be allowed to forward for other services on the resources allocated for the Mbsfn but at a restricted power. The Mbsfn synchronization area, the Mbsfn area and reserved cells can be semi-statically configured by O&M.

The Mbms architecture for multi-cell transmission is depicted in frame 2.16. The multicell multicast coordination entity (Mce) is a logical entity, which means it can also be part of an additional one network element such as eNb. The Mce performs functions such as the budget of the radio resources used by all eNbs in the Mbsfn area as well as determining the radio configuration along with the modulation and coding scheme. The Mbms Gw is also a logical entity whose main function is sending/broadcasting Mbms packets with the Sync protocol to each eNb transmitting the service. The Mbms Gw hosts the Pdcp layer of the user plane and uses Ip multicast for forwarding Mbms user data to eNbs.

The eNbs are associated to eMbms Gw via a pure user plane interface M1. As M1 is a pure user plane interface, no operate plane application part is defined for this interface. Two operate plane interfaces M2 and M3 are defined. The application part on M2 interface conveys radio configuration data for the multi-cell transmission mode eNbs. The application part on M3 interface between Mbms Gw and Mce performs Mbms session operate signaling on Eps bearer level that includes procedures such as session start and stop.

An foremost requirement for multi-cell Mbms aid transmission is Mbms article synchronization to enable Mbsfn operation. The eMbms user plane architecture for article synchronization is depicted in frame 2.17. A Sync protocol layer is defined on the vehicle network layer (Tnl) to retain the article synchronization mechanism. The Sync protocol carries supplementary data that enables eNbs to recognize the timing for radio frame transmission as well as detect packet loss.

Figure 16: eMbms logical architecture.

Figure 17: The eMbms user plane architecture for article synchronization.

The eNbs participating in multicell Mbms transmission are required to comply with article synchronization mechanism. An eNb transmitting only in single-cell aid is not required to comply with the stringent timing requirements indicated by Sync protocol. In case Pdcp is used for header compression, it is settled in eMbms Gw. The Ues receiving Mtch transmissions and taking part in at least one Mbms feedback task need to be in an Rrc associated state. On the other hand, Ues receiving Mtch transmissions without taking part in an Mbms feedback mechanism can be in either an Rrc Idle or an Rrc associated state. For receiving single-cell transmission of Mtch, a Ue may need to be in Rrc associated state. The signaling by which a Ue is triggered to move to Rrc associated state solely for single-cell reception purposes is carried on Mcch.

8. Summary

The Lte ideas is based on extremely simplified network architecture with only two types of nodes namely eNode-B and Mme/Gw. Fundamentally, it is a flattened architecture that enables simplified network build while still supporting seamless mobility and industrialized QoS mechanisms. This is a major turn relative to former wireless networks with many more network nodes using hierarchical network architecture. The simplification of network was

partly inherent because Lte ideas does not retain macro-diversity or soft-handoff and hence does not require a Rnc in the way network for macro-diversity combining. Many of the other Rnc functions are incorporated into the eNb. The QoS logical connections are provided between the Ue and the gateway enabling differentiation of Ip flows and meeting the requirements for low-latency applications.

A detach architecture optimized for multi-cell multicast and broadcast is provided, which consists of two logical nodes namely the multicast co-ordination entity (Mce) and the Mbms gateway. The Mce allocates radio resources as well as determines the radio configuration to be used by all eNbs in the Mbsfn area. The Mbms gateway broadcasts Mbms packets with the Sync protocol to each eNb transmitting the service. The Mbms gateway uses Ip multicast for forwarding Mbms user data to eNbs. The layer 2 and radio reserved supply operate protocols are designed to enable dependable delivery of data, ciphering, header compression and Ue power savings.

9. References

[1] 3Gppts 36.300 V8.4.0, Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio way Network (E-Utra): wide Description.

[2] 3Gpp Ts 29.060 V8.3.0, Gprs Tunneling Protocol (Gtp) over the Gn and Gp Interface.

[3] Ietf Rfc 4960, Stream operate Transmission Protocol.

[4] Ietf Rfc 3095, Robust Header Compression (Rohc): Framework and Four Profiles: Rtp, Udp, Esp, and uncompressed.

[5] 3Gpp Ts 36.331 V8.1.0, Radio reserved supply operate (Rrc) Protocol Specification.

[6] 3Gpp Tr 23.882 V1.15.1, 3Gpp ideas Architecture Evolution (Sae): record on Technical Options and Conclusions.

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The Cancer-Cell Phone connection – Why We Must Take It Seriously

January 25th, 2012 No Comments

Over the past few years any study groups have reported that cell phone radiation is not hazardous and that we don’t need to worry about it. In particular, we don’t need to worry about it causing cancer. Some of them, in fact, have reported that the debate is over, and that cell phones are fully safe. As a result, most of the explore on the topic has virtually ceased in the Us. At the same time, however, explore has prolonged in other countries, and it has increasingly shown that we cannot ignore the dangers. First of all, as any scientist working on cancer will tell you, it’s almost impossible to prove beyond a doubt that something (in this case, cell phone radiation) does not cause cancer. One of the problems is that cancer takes 20 years or more to manufacture after it has been initiated. None of the studies that have been made have taken this into consideration; most are tests on animals, or statistical surveys. In many ways the present situation is similar to that for smoking in the 1950′s and 60′s. Everybody was sure it had itsybitsy corollary on our health, and there was no evidence that it caused cancer. But as the years went by, the evidence came, and soon there was no doubt.

The cancer-cell phone connection is particularly worrisome in light of the growth in brain tumor rates in the Us over the past few years. They have increased by over 25 percent since 1975; by 2001, in fact, 185,000 Americans had some form of brain cancer, and it is estimated that this will growth to 500,000 by 2010 and to one-million by 2015. How many of these cases are due to cell phones? We do not know.

The radiation from cell phones is in the form of microwaves, the same waves that are used in microwaves ovens (and they’re also very close in frequency to radar waves). They are, of course, over a thousand times weaker that microwave-oven radiation, but microwaves are not used for cooking because they are very energetic (they are not); they are used because they drill tissue easily.

The three main health hazards to our bodies are the dangers to:

Our Dna

The functioning of our cells

The neurons and so on in our brain

Our “code of life” — in other words, the instructions for everything that goes on in our body — is contained in the sequence of base units in Dna. If any of these units are suddenly changed, or “mutated,” our genetic code is changed. And one of the major things that causes mutations is radiation. Microwaves cannot break the stronger bonds (such as valence bonds) in Dna, but the genetic code is held in place by relatively weak hydrogen bonds, which can of course be broken.

Furthermore, the dangers do not end with the Dna inside the cells. On the cell covering are “receptors” that allow some molecules to pass into the interior of the cell, and stop others, from entering. They play a very foremost role in the health of the cell in that they allow nutrients through, but stop such things as toxins, bacteria, and viruses. These receptors also play other foremost role: they control cell branch and growth. Normally, cell branch continues until something tells it to stop. One of the things that stops it is when a cell comes in caress with other cell (perhaps of a separate type); receptors sense this cell and send a signal for the growth to stop. If the receptors become damaged, this signal will not be sent, and the growth may continue indefinitely, and may eventually lead to cancer.

Experiments have shown that microwaves can trigger these receptors, causing assorted types of biochemical reactions that make the cell membrane less permeable, We are still not sure what the unabridged effects are in such cases, but the fact that microwaves radiation (of the same intensity as in cell phones) can alter our cells is not good news.

With this it might seem that cells and the Dna within them are the weak spots for microwave radiation, but there is other equally worrisome area of the body. Cell phone users hold their phones to their ears, with the antenna only a few inches from their brain, and our brain is controlled (to some degree) by waves similar to microwaves. Most of the signals in the brain are electrochemical in nature, consisting partly of electrical currents and partly of chemical reactions. But there are also “brain waves’ within the brain. When you are awake your brain emits what are called beta waves of frequency 8 to 25 vibrations/second (also called Hertz). This is much lower than the frequency of the microwaves in a microwave oven, which are 850 Mhz (million Hertz) to 1900 Mhz. But all cell phones also use low, pulsed frequencies, referred to as Tdma and Dtx; they have frequencies of 8.34 Hz and 2 Hz respectively. And it is potential that they can interact with brain waves. Furthermore, when such reactions occur, both waves are changed.

Studies have also recently shown that the blood-brain barrier, which is a barrier within the brain that stops assorted chemicals and other harmful substances from entering the brain, is also affected by microwaves. Studies in Sweden, for example, have shown that when capillaries such as those in the brain are are radiated with microwaves, they allow inevitable chemicals straight through that regularly don’t get through. Other studies have verified the result.

It’s easy to see from all this that the risk of cell phone radiation to adults is something we shouldn’t just shrug off, but as it turns out, the risk to children is much higher. One of the reasons is that their skulls are thinner, and radiation penetrates it much easier. In addition, the absorption of radiation is higher in a child’s skull because of a phenomenon called “resonance.” And finally, the nervous and immune systems of children are still forming and they are therefore more susceptible to the effects of radiation.

What can you do to minimize the danger? If you use a cell phone, keep the antenna as far from your head as possible, and limit your time on the device. Use accepted phones for very long conversations. Finally, do not use cell phones in a car; because of the shielding, the power has to be significantly increased for it to work.

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Beware of Acai Berry Diet Pill Scams!

January 15th, 2012 No Comments

All of the trustworthy and credible scientific literature done on acai is related to the antioxidant capacity and the oil combination of the berry. Fellowships promoting acai as a weight loss aid purposely conceal the contents of their product. They claim to furnish a goods in pill form that is acai. They fail to tell what % of that pill is acai and either it is made from freeze-dried or spray-dried powder. Acai does not possess the capacity to drive, generate or stimulate weight loss. It is thought about a superfood based on its nutritional profile. A superfood does not mean that it supports weight loss. The goods being sold by this firm does not work because it cannot work based on their claims.

If you try contacting any of the Fellowships selling the miracle Acai diet pills, you will most likely be related to an answering service. When you ask the aid if they had a way to perceive the firm directly, you will probably be told that they did not have entrance to any phone numbers except for the toll amount listed on the website. If you ask what the name of the firm was for whom they were providing this aid you will mostly likely find the firm names to be unregistered, in other words, the firm is hiding. They fail to furnish a physical address, a trustworthy phone amount to a firm headquarters nor are they searchable via Google or the state they do firm in.

These Fellowships all have the ear marks of organizations complicated in scamming the public. There is no recourse. In their terms of aid and privacy statements they are very clear about taking the customers hidden data with the intent to sell and resell. In increasing to this they clearly state that they will use ‘cookies’ an internet term of describing the act of monitoring their customers’ internet use. Essentially they say that when you buy a goods from them they are not only going to sell and resell all of your hidden data but they say that the buy in ensue creates a covenant with the buyer that allows the firm to monitor and spy on their customers so that they may gain more hidden data to sell and resell.

Here is what the Terms of aid on one of the websites in fact states:

1.2 Third Party List Information.

Xxxx collects data from individuals when an private provides data to a third party and Xxxx subsequently purchases, licenses, or otherwise acquires the data from the third party (the “Seller”). Such purchased data may include, but is not tiny to, an individual’s name, email address, street address, zip code, telephone numbers (including cell phone numbers and carriers), birth date, gender, wages range, reputation card information, education and marital status, occupation, commerce of employment, personal and online interests, and such other data as the private may have provided to the jobber (together, “Third Party List Information”). When acquiring Third Party List Information, Xxxx seeks assurances from the jobber that the jobber has a right to change the Third Party List data to Xxxx and that the jobber has a right to furnish offers from advertisers to the individuals whose personal data is included on the Seller’s list.

In other words, it appears to be a phishing scam. Their terms of aid allows them, by a “contract”, to use your personal data any way they wish! Phishing refers to the process of tricking you into giving up personal details such as your bank inventory or reputation card details, or your passwords. Phishing is prevalent on the internet today and you must be very faithful of this phenomenon and protect your personal information.

The Acai Berry Diet [http://ripoffreport.com/searchresults.asp?q5=acai%20berry&q1=All&q4=&q6=&q3=&q2=&q7=&searchtype=0&submit2=Search!&Search=Search] “Free Trial” is a sophisticated “bait and switch” scheme. If you don’t cancel the goods after receiving it, you will be billed about on your reputation card for your “Free Trial”. Not only that, they will bill you Every month about until you cancel the monthly subscription. But since they promise you that you will lose 50 pounds of weight, a normal buyer would probably give the goods some time to see if it in fact works before canceling. But by the time they see that it doesn’t work, their reputation card could have been expensed -160. Some of the terms of aid refuse any returns so the buyer is stuck with the bill and the ineffective product. In other words, it’s a exquisite scam.

Always check the terms of aid and privacy policies of an online store before you buy anything. A reputable store should have trust icons such Hacker Safe, McAfee gather or Bbbonline which validates a companies’ physical address, phone amount which should also be listed on their home page or in their “About Us” page. You can also use a free plugin for your browser by McAfee.com called SiteAdvisor to indicate if a website is safe while you are doing searches in Google, yahoo or msn. If a website hasn’t been validated, you will see a examine mark, otherwise the site will have a green checkmark. Also, some sites have been flagged if they have been caught sending spam emails or using fraudulent schemes.

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normal Blood Sugar Levels Are inherent for a Diabetic!

January 15th, 2012 No Comments

What are normal blood sugar levels? Fasting (blood sugar level after not eating for 8 hours) blood sugar should be in the middle of 70 milligrams per deciliter to 100 mg/dL. Your blood sugar should not be above 100 at any given time; If it is, this suggests a pre-diabetes condition. A level of 100 – 199 suggests prediabetes. A level over 200 suggests that you have either Type 1 or Type 2 diabetes.

There are any steps in lowering your blood sugar. Try the following if you are concerned in more normal blood sugar levels.

A. Begin gradually lowering your carbohydrate intake. If you want to get very specific on which foods you can and cannot eat, I recommend the diet as per Dr. Richard Bernstein. He has done all the testing for us and eliminated all foods that had a make up that could not be tracked. After all, if you can’t track it, you can’t administrate it. Also, check out our diabetic recipes page for some yummy low carb meals. If you stick to a pre-calculated whole of carbohydrates per meal, your insulin amounts should be the same every day.

B. Test your blood sugar more frequently. We test from 5 – 10 times per day. If your fingers can take it, the blood sugar readings are imperative to helping understand if the insulin amounts are definite or not. Know your A1C. This test is very revealing as to how you are doing with blood sugar levels and should be under 6.0%.

C. Pay concentration to how and when your type of insulin works. For example, before meals, Isobel gets about 2 units of quarterly Humalin insulin. This single insulin is given about 40 minutes before a meal because it takes that long to begin working. Humalog on the other hand is a more fast acting insulin and if given for meals, should only be given about 5 minutes before eating. Check with your physician or do your own study on your insulin to make sure you are giving it sufficient time to start working before you eat.

D. Stop snacking and limit yourself to three meals per day. Snacking is habitual and can categorically be broken.

The level of blood sugar control predicts the onset and severity of diabetes-related complications for both types of diabetes. This means that if you have diabetes, if you can keep your blood sugar levels as close as potential to normal, you can live a normal life span with few or even no complications at all. A non-diabetic’s normal blood sugar range is from 70 – 100. There is no infer why a diabetic can’t strive for the same levels.

For more information, visit our website at www.libertybella.com.

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Diabetes Diet, What Are The 10 Best Fruits And Vegetables For Diabetic Patients

January 15th, 2012 No Comments

This is the query my diabetic patients all the time ask. Hopefully this narrative will enhance your knowledge about diet for a diabetic patient.

Avoid These Foods

If you are a diabetic outpatient try to avoid following list of foods.

1-Sugar, synthetic sweeteners and honey. However you may take sweetener like stevia. It is difficult to omit sugar from your diet at-once, I will advise you to decrease sugar in your diet gradually.

2-You should stop taking sweets and chocolates. If you are in a party and want to take chocolate, then preferably try to take Continental dark chocolate with at-least 70% or more cocoa solids, and try to avoid chocolates where sugar is the first named ingredient

3-Try to avoid foods containing ingredients end in (ol) or (ose) as these are mainly distinct forms of carbohydrates like fructose, glucose, dextrose.

4-Avoid grains like cakes, biscuits, pies, tarts, breakfast cereals, wheat, rye, barley, corn, rice, bread, pasta, pastry,

5-Avoid vegetables which comprise larger estimate of starch and carbohydrates like potatoes,carrots, peas, beans, parsnips, beet.

6-Also avoid fruits like watermelon, mangoes, banana, Chikoos(Pakistani), jackfruit, grapes, Strawberry, Sugarcane.

7-You may take milk but in small quantity. Avoid fat yogurts and cheese. Also be rigorous not to drink too much coffee or tea and add only as much sugar as in needed for taste.

8-Avoid commercially packaged foods like Tv dinners, “lean” or “light” in particular, and snack foods, fast foods.

9-Avoid fresh fruit juices as these are highly concentrated carbohydrates. If you like fruit juices you may dilute one part of juice with 3 or 4 parts of water.

10-Always avoid saturated fats like fatty meat, full fat dairy products, butter, lard. Try to prefer unsaturated fats like olive oil, corn oil, canola oil, sunflower oil, soy oil. Avoid cottage cheese as it has a high carbohydrate content and very minuscule fat

You must be thinking that I have mentioned here all the stuff, and nothing is left to eat, these are foods you can eat:

1-You may take fruits like apple, Grapefruit, Lime, Peaches. You must divide your fruit and vegetable diet in five portions through all the day, by Spreading the fruit you eat through the day helps to avoid a sudden rise in blood sugar levels.

2-You must take high fibre diet. Fibrous diet is Cereals, Fruits, Nuts, Pulses, Seeds, Vegetables. Fibrous diet not only lowers your glucose level but also decreases blood cholesterol.

3-Always try to take whole grain rather than processed food and take things like whole-wheat spaghetti and brown rather than white rice(Indian Pakistani). Pakistani and Indian citizen do like white rice very much, but if you are diabetic, please avoid these.

4-You may take meat of lamb, beef once or twice a week. Organ meats can also be taken like liver kidneys and heart to meat your vitamin needs.

5-Try to take white meat like poultry chicken fish meat duck etc.

6-You may take Fish and seafood of all types. It is recommended to boil, steam, bake or grill fish rather than frying it.

7-Always prefer non-fatty dairy products such as “skimmed milk”, non-fat cheese and yogurt.

8-You may take eggs as well but try to take whitish part not the yellow one as it may growth your cholesterol level.

9-All cheeses can be taken except cottage cheese.

10-You may take all vegetables, onion and garlic are known for decreasing blood glucose level.

Generally Type 2 diabetic patients need 1500-1800 calorie diet per day to promote weight loss, However fat requirement may vary depending upon patients age, sex, action level and body weight. 50% of total daily required fat should come from carbohydrates.One gram of carbohydrate is about 4 calories. A diabetic outpatient on a 1600 calorie diet should get 50% of these fat from carbohydrate. In other words it will be equal to 800 fat from Carbohydrates, it means you have to take 200gms of carbohydrates everyday.It is better that you buy food tables with fat measurements to know more about your daily required food.

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How To Lower Blood Pressure straight through Natural Ways

January 14th, 2012 No Comments

Hypertension or high blood pressure has sometimes been referred to as the silent killer. As a matter of fact, a good friend of mine just died a few days ago from a heart attack. He was young and salutary and none of us expect him to be suffering from hypertension. You see, you would not know that your blood pressure is already above 120/80 unless an actual reading is taken. That is why it is very prominent to know how to lower your blood pressure.

Everyday we eat all kinds of food. But did you know that what you eat reflects your blood pressure? Your kidney is the one part of your body that takes charge of cleaning all unwanted, excess and dirty fluids in your system. In its uniqueness, tiny little cells cluster together to form a filter and directs the waste fluids to the bladder that goes out of your body in the form of urine. This “cell filter” any way is maintained through a unique equilibrium of sodium and potassium. The equilibrium is genuinely disrupted when there is an increase of sodium in your body and a corresponding increase in your blood pressure happens because of the increase of your body fluids. This any way can genuinely be avoided by not eating food that has high sodium content which is normally found in canned goods and frosty food.

To neutralize the sodium and salt in your body, you need to increase your potassium level and this are found in fruits and vegetables. You also get an added bonus from the vitamins and minerals found in every fruit. Among the fruits and vegetables that I have found to contain high potassium are papaya, banana, fresh pears, avocados, melon, other fruit juice and sweet potatoes.

How to lower blood pressure naturally also requires a change in your lifestyle. Going out on parties or night outs with that gang has always been a part of enjoying life. It is wise any way to control your drinking and smoking because too much of alcohol in your body can genuinely trigger an increase in blood pressure. Without spoiling the fun, corollary this straightforward tricks to lessen your alcohol intake. When picking a drink, opt for those with lower power or low alcohol content. With lots of beers and drinks in the market, this is never a question so take the lesser evil. If you can’t find one, try adding mixers or water and lots of ice. Let it melt down for a while so that your drink will also last longer. And lastly, try to avoid peanuts and crisps that you can order from the bar. The salt content in this food snacks will make you thirsty and make you want to drink more.

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